Concrete Balustrade by Coral Cast. Lightweight concrete may cost more per cubic yard than normal weight concrete, but because less concrete and less steel are required the total cost of materials can be reduced significantly. Model # 1000021. Replace a small quantity of coarse aggregate with sand. This results in a concrete that has small, uniform air pockets throughout the material, which results in a very low density. 2 as concrete containing lightweight aggregate and having and air-dry unit weight not exceeding 0. 40kg Vs. Step Two. Harajli are conservative for the present two-span post-tensioned LWAC beams, although the safety decreases for the two-span beam, compared to the ratios between experiments and predictions obtained from simply supported beams. Low-weight aggregates such as shale, clay, shale, slate, volcanic pumice, ash, or perlite are used to reduce the density. 1: Typical Concrete Block Masonry Unit (Hollow Unit, with Flanged Ends) (Ref. 99 Inc Vat. The test also examined the effect of prestressing in tendons and proper prestress conditions to reduce. Product code. 2. Find My Store. Get Pricing & Availability . Covering for architectural purposes. Sand: 1260×2 = 2520 gm. Most fence post holes will need between 1 - 4 bags of concrete to securely hold the post in place. 6 cm and the final depth was 4. The whole assembly is lightweight to enable ease of transport and installation. Maximum load of 2,355 lbs. The two slots either side of the post make securing fence panels effortless. C. The easiest way to cut the board is to measure, mark, then score using a straight edge. There are many definitions, including the American Concrete Institute’s that defines structural lightweight concrete as having an air-dried density of not more than 115 pcf (pounds per cubic foot) and having a 28-day strength of at least 2,500 psi. 40kg. Rebar reinforcement is used to marry new concrete poured into the hollow post with the footing. In between these two, there is a moderate strength concrete (7-17 MPa) who thermal insulation characteristics are also in between those of low-density concrete. Share. The lightweight and structurally efficient elements are prefabricated and assembled on-site. Foamed concrete, also called cellular light weight concrete is produced by the mixing of Portland cement, sand including or alone fly ash, water and preformed stable foam. Self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC) is developed from SCC, the normal coarse aggregates in SCC are replaced by lightweight coarse aggregates to produce SCLC. Foundation pads come in different sizes and compositions. The post tensioned tee girder bridge length is 53. 7 Benefits of. 5 parts of coir fiber, and 1 part of Portland cement in a plastic tub. Structural Lightweight Concrete (SLWC) – This concrete has a density range of 800 kg/m³ (50 lb/ft³) to 1850 kg/m³ (115 lb/ft³). Use a slump of 100 mm to 150 mm. This density is the minimum limit for lightweight concrete according to the. The lightweight concrete floor system was selected to minimize the dead weight and to achieve the required 3 hour fire rating (Fig. Concrete Construction. The much smaller average pore widths of Acet result in very high compressive strength of 9. The most significant examples of that time were the Port of Cosa, the Pantheon Dome and the Colosseum (ACI Committee 213, 2003). The walls with the ordinary concrete post and. Its density can be anywhere between 70 lbs/ft 3 to 120 lbs/ft 3. The European standard EN 13055 holds amongst others for LWA to be used for any type of lightweight concrete. Frames and floors, curtain walls, shell roofs, folded plates, bridges, off-shore oil platforms, and precast are just a few of the many applications that it has. Comparing the weight of a traditional concrete and a lightweight concrete, the different values depend on the type and amount of insulation per cubic meter, however, basically the density values go from 2000-2400 Kg/ mc of a traditional substrate to the only 400-500 kg/ mc of a lightened one. The natural sand in the mix should be well-graded with a fineness modulus ranging from 2. If required, increase cement in the mixture to maintain this high slump. Concrete is much heavier but costs less than expanding foam. It is a pier and beam house with cripple walls. Product shape. 2. The regulations regarding the lightweight substrates. (8) $19. We have been working in light weight concrete research for more than 10 years. For 25% replaced light weight aggregateConcrete 3D printing is a sustainable solution for manufacturing efficient designs and creating less waste, and selecting the optimal materials to use can amplify the advantages of this technology. Akron. Its lightweight nature and good structural properties make it an ideal material for this. The density of LWC is comparatively low i. ft. We provide lightweight and heavy-duty slotted fence posts in a variety of lengths. The term “lightweight concrete” refers to a combination composed of coarse lightweight aggregates such as shale, clay, or slate, which contribute to the material’s low density. Specifically, it has an in-place density of 90 to 115 lb/ft³, whereas the density of regular-weight concrete ranges from. It is ideal for creating deck, porch and other load-bearing supports as well as decorative and attractive bases for post-setting applications. 3m Post: N/A: 3. This. Vibrate the form to remove any air bubbles. Anchoring posts to concrete is an easy weekend project that you can tackle in a few simple steps. Find Fence post mix concrete, cement & stucco mixes at Lowe's today. Ultra-lightweight concrete alternative, with each block weighing 680 grams. LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE TOPPING 033117 - 2 1. 65-. Structural lightweight concrete is preferably produced in a compulsory mixer. Diatomite is also something used as the aggregate component of lightweight concretes. Compressive strength are low, regarding from about 0. Description. Cement: 1620×2 = 3240 gm. You can build these forms and precast your own 48″, 36″, or 24″ reinforced lightweight concrete panels that link together to make long lasting and durable concrete garden boxes. Such type of concrete is called as an aerated, cellular, or foamed type. To begin, mix together the ingredients for lightweight concrete. Thermal conductivity is decreased with lightweight concrete. 7 Thermal Expansion January 19, 2023. Input of a unit weight is not enough to fully define lightweight. Steel Reinforcement: Deliver, store, and handle steel reinforcement to prevent bending and damage. First and foremost, you need to think about the moisture content. predict the ultimate strength of the local zone in lightweight concrete. In this sample the initial depth of the top surface of the slurry was 8. 20- 115 pounds per cubic foot. Concrete Fence Post: Which Option is Best for Your Project? Find out the difference between expanding foam and concrete fence posts, and learn when to use each setting method. Some concretes are even designed to harden more quickly for applications that require rapid set time. You can build these forms and precast your own 48″,. structural grade lightweight concrete weighs 120 lb/ft^3. Visit your local store for the widest range of storage & home products. Compressive strength. The. Post-construction Inspection and Testing 40 Compressive Strength Testing 41 Maintenance 41. 2. Perlite concrete mixed at a ratio of 1 part cement. Moderate strength concrete. Lightweight concrete is a special type of concrete which weighs lighter than conventional or normal concrete. Sika PostFix is a two-component, mix-in-the-bag expanding foam for supporting non-structural posts such as fence, mailbox, and signposts. SAKRETE 67 lb. The objective of the present study is to examine the flexural behavior of two-span post-tensioned lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) beams using unbonded tendons and the reliability of the design provisions of ACI 318-14 for such beams. Generally 300 kg/m³ to 2200 kg/m³ and thus normal concrete has density between 2200 kg/m³ to 2600 kg/m³. Standard concrete as a density of around 2300kg/m3 and. Giving Your Concrete Planters a Rustic Refresh. These benefits are both immediately noticeable and detectable over the course of a foundation’s service life—offering crucial proof points to the improved quality of concrete used. Builders use this lightweight concrete for structural applications. In this concrete type, steel in. tall fence post size. Some specifications use the definition that the unit weight as measured in the field must be. Model # P M206. Pro-Mix Advanced Concrete 50-lb Fast Setting Concrete Mix. 2. This type of CFT column showed higher energy. A well-known product is the AAC, also called. So, in extreme climatic conditions, the use of this concrete is advantageous. 4mo Edited. Once cured, Artisans align lightweight GFRC bamboo panels with pre-fabricated channels in the posts which makes placement easy. The nomenclature for each specimen is shown in Fig. The standards mentioned, however, do consider only LWA of mineral origin. But there’s no compromise on strength. -. Fence Post mix is designed specifically for anchoring fence posts. EXPANDED SHALE CLAY & SLATE INSTITUTE 2225 E MURRAY-HOLLADAY RD, STE 102 SALT LAKE CITY, UT 84117 PH: 801-272-7070 FAX: 801-272-3377 . This bag of mix is enough to cover a 3/4 cu. Add to trolley. Today, modern lightweight CMU manufacturers use an optimum concrete mixture containing 65-70 percent ESCS LWA by volume. Then I stop and use an improvised stir stick from a wooden dowel to hand stir the cement mix. Lightweight concrete. While there are many types of cement, Portland cement is the. 89 N/mm2. It is made by mixing a small quantity of air-entraining agent or using air-entraining cement. 76. 6 inches slab of concrete. b) The lightweight concrete has low thermal conductivity. 06 per pack. Without using any heavy machinery, two individuals can easily erect a 6′. The used concrete mixture is considered a structural LWC mixture since it has a unit weight of about 1800 kg/m 3, which meets the ASTM C330-05 classification for structural LWC [26], [29]. What is Light Weight Concrete. For help choosing the right products for your project, see our Masonry and Cement Products Buying Guide . Without using any heavy machinery, two individuals can easily erect a 6′ tall concrete fence thanks to the lightweight panels. Lightweight concrete offers improved thermal properties to help with energy efficiency and, because it is over half the weight of regular concrete, it offers an easier and quicker installation. Not only does the weight of structure reduced by 17% but also the total cost decreased by 18%. It eliminates the need for concrete in supporting posts used in pole barns, porches, gazebos, decks and more. After you score the foam, it’ll snap cleanly. Lightweight concrete, often abbreviated as LC, is a versatile building material that offers numerous advantages in construction. Strong, durable, easy maintenance and unaffected by rot. Some specifications use the definition that the unit weight as measured in the field must be. for pricing and availability. Find finishes in a range of colors, including black, white, bronze and silver. 5” thickness for planters over 6′-0” L (72”) – 4. Set and level the post using a level or plumb line, and pour the dry quick-set concrete around the post. 6 MPa (5 • C) in the range of light-weight concrete [70] and a translucent color above the melting. Infant et al. post-maintenance [22], and gradation of the materials [23] may also have an effect on the density, compressive strength, and water. pdf) (November, 2021)I'll list ALL of the items you'll need at the end of the post, but here are the step by step instructions. normal weight concrete at about 150lb/ft^3. If you are planning on changing the color of the blocks, then insert dyes, colorants or other tinting additives at this time. Some of the tutorials I found used wood wine barrel planters -- but the ones I found either had large holes already drilled into the bottom or they weren't super sturdy. 99. 5 cm. Pumice lightweight aggregate (PLA) is a volcanic-origin natural aggregate of very low specific gravity. Basically, POC concrete with crushed. – A massive amount of custom mixes from 1000 psi of soil cement to 50,000 psi of tower concrete. When looking for a durable, low-maintenance and cost-effective alternative to traditional fencing without the use of heavy construction, look no further than American Precast Concrete, Inc. Disadvantages of Foam Concrete. As we know that Normal concrete weight. (2019). x 48 in. Smaller size dome or if it's a larger diameter, just build a framed roof or flying concrete roof on your aircrete walls. space and only requires you to mix in water before getting started. 5 Mpa on day 28 (Dawood & Ramli, 2008). By using a porous lightweight aggregate of low specific gravity, lower than 2. The density varies between 3000-4000 kg/m³. Shop Basalite 50-lb High Strength Concrete Mix in the Concrete, Cement & Stucco Mixes department at Lowe's. You can double or triple the measurement, depending on how big you want your pots to be or if you want to make multiples in one go. Weight savings of 25 to 30 per cent on the superstructure can be achieved in some cases, with consequent savings of reinforcing. 6. Recent Posts. Generally a lightweight concrete mix without any heavy aggregates like sand or gravel would be three or four parts aggregate mixed with one part portland cement. 1. Figure 8 shows the computational development of elastic deflections of made slab, lightweight aggregate concrete slab and the results of deflections. The second variant for analysis were prefabricated walls from lightweight concrete, made of sintered clay aggregate with a foam core. Once all the squares are cut and stacked, you’ll have a cube that’s 16″x16″x18″. Moderate Density Concrete. I test 4 lightweight panels made from Perlite, Vermiculite, Lava Rock with portland and CSA cement. The in-place density of structural lightweight concrete is between 90 and 115 lb/ft3, while the density of normal weight concrete is between 140 and 150 lb/ft3. The weight of plain cement concrete is 2400 kg/m3 as compared to lightweight concrete whereas density of concrete can be achieved up to 400 kg/m3 in some special cases. From the 4 by 8 sheet, you can get 18, 16″ x 16″ squares. Most people when looking for a concrete substitute are looking for ways to secure posts in the ground without concrete. As the bottom of the fence panel is kept off the ground, rotting of the wood is prevented, considerably prolonging its lifespan. Lightweight CMU also provides excellent fire resistance, strong sound. This study focuses on the development of durable structural lightweight concrete (LWC) by incorporating expanded perlite aggregate (EPA) in the range of 0 to 20% by weight. E. Napa River Bridge The Napa River Bridge was designed in 1973-74 and constructed in 1975-77. View Now. 4 Bond Strength, Development Length and Bearing Strength 7. 6/12 = 5. These concrete Fence Posts provide huge strength and stability for holding fence panels. 0” Minimum wall thickness for planters up to 6′-0” L – 3. (460 mm) deep post-tensioned lightweight concrete beams centered on 10 ft (3. Construction of partition walls and panel walls in framed. It is a lightweight, patent-pending technology that eliminates the need for mixing concrete with water, saving users from the mess and preparation required when using traditional concrete. Lightweight concrete is preferred for thermal insulation and sound barrier wall as it does have good thermal property due to availability of air voids. See the complete build video that shows step-by-step how to make the. It's. e. Mix the concrete. Lightweight self-compacting concrete: A review. The European standard EN 13055 holds amongst others for LWA to be used for any type of lightweight concrete. This structural concrete is also used in the construction of foundations, beams, roofs and load-bearing walls in steel and concrete structures. At Lowe’s, we offer precast concrete pad options that work with many types of posts and beams and can strengthen decks, barns and other superstructures. After measuring height of fence panel, add the depth of your chosen gravel board. Bigfoot Systems pier footing forms are pre-molded bell-shaped footings that fit cardboard construction tubes 6 in. Bridge approach embankments (Indiana) 5 Figure 1. Podcast 603: Flashing Masonry Openings, Protecting Fence Posts, and Making Hot Water. Pick from a wide range of stoneware, ceramic, cement and plastic pots. 99. Although lightweight concrete is well known and has proven its technical. 5013053149713. The Lightweight Concrete Post from Forest is a low maintenance alternative to timber, eliminating the need for nails, brackets and fixings. Form Tube is a rigid-fiber mold designed to easily create concrete foundations and footings. This concrete is made with completely lightweight aggregate or in combination with lightweight aggregate with normal-weight aggregates. The water-cement ratio for such concrete is 0. Podcast 603: Members-only Aftershow. Free returns are available for the shipping address you chose. Concrete. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete are used as screeds and reinforcement for general purposes especially when screeds or similar thickening and the weight to the floor, roof, and other structural members of the building. £72. , 12 in. This lightweight concrete post is a low maintenance alternative to timber posts and removes the need for for nails, brackets or fixings. Bigfoot Systems 25. You will need a few buckets and a blender for this method. 3. £37. Lightweight. Low maintenance fence posts with superior resilience against severe weather conditions Not susceptible to rust, rot and decay Slot design eliminates the need for nails, brackets or fixings for a simple quick installation. freshly mixed concrete density, equilibrium density, and oven-dry density of lightweight concrete. 8mm (up) for lightweight concrete. Delivery. 2, you should multiply the f'c^1/2 by 0. SAKRETE 67 lb. 65,000 psi for the ultra light weights to 3 million psi for the medium lightweight. We stock 4" x 4" in 8' and 10' lengths, 6" x 6" in 8', 10' and 12' lengths. These concrete for fence posts structures are made to withstand winds of at least 110 mph. 2. 4. 09. 50/cy. 1 Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) There are a variety of lightweight aggregates that can be used in the production of LWAC, such as natural materials, like volcanic pumice, and the thermal-treated natural raw materials like expanded glass, clay, shale, etc. ) and lightweight structural concrete*. Most low-density aggregates are volcanic in origin and include pumice, tuff, scoria, and cinders. This makes lightweight concrete. The mixture ingredients include: ordinary Type I Portland cement, lightweight coarse aggregate of a maximum size of. These panels link together to make long lasting rot-proof garden boxes. pdf) (February, 2022) Lightweight Concrete Bridge Design Primer (. Weight. The structure has spans of 180'/2, 245, 275, 297'/2, 2971/2, 195/2 ft (55, 74. Our line includes adhesives for anchoring threaded rod and rebar, mechanical anchors, powder-. 5 for two types of LWAC and NWC beams produced with similar. Structural concrete. Shape (composed of smaller arches, flying buttresses, ribbing--look at Steve Corner's flying concrete) 3. Step one: Cut down the foam board. Retail price. Pour the slurry into a panel form. 5-0. The general crushing and manufacturing process of light concrete, LC, using PET as component in concrete, is shown in Figure 1. 6 cm and the final depth was 4. 4) meshes was used to screen the material. The Lightweight Concrete Fence Post 2. Also, for lightweight concrete, the effect of post-tensioning is higher (lower . in 3000 PSF soil. Each specimen had three supports with two spans. 36m will provide the finest level of support to your fence panels. When setting fence posts in concrete, experts recommend using at least two 50-pound bags of store-bought mix for a 4×4-inch post in a. Free UK delivery, taking from just 3 days, on fencing accessory orders over £100. Due to the nature of the aggregates, use of lightweight concrete is more technical than portland cement concrete. Many productions of lightweight concrete blocks had been designed and among them are by the use of lightweight aggregates. Keywords: lightweight concrete, post-tensioning, prestressed slab, unbonded tendon. Like plywood, these panels may be cut with a circular saw and are screwed to the supporting members. The AAC (autoclaved aerated concrete) is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In this sample the initial depth of the top surface of the slurry was 8. They can endure for decades with minimal maintenance, primarily because they are impervious to moisture and rot. Description & Documents. Forest Repair Spur 75mm x 75mm x 1m 3 Pack (725JG) compare. 4 lb. Item #53770 | Model #HB6990. lightweight concrete - Post-war building materials. 0 MPa). 11 Shrinkage Compensated Cement / Lightweight Concrete 4. They give superior resilience against severe weather conditions and are not susceptible to rust, rot or decay. Compressive strength are low, regarding from about 0. Lightweight Concrete provides the same compressive strength as normal weight. For heat insulation on the roofs. Density: 863. . 5-in Footing Form. In this experimental study, six post-tensioned light weight concrete (LWC) continuous one-way slabs were tested in the following manner: the flexural behaviors of the members were compared with the calculations from the existing standards. It is used in insulating water pipes. Diatomite is also something used as the aggregate component of lightweight concretes. • Details for Mechanically Attached or Adhered Insulation. Description . Lightweight concrete is defined by LRFD 5. Depending on the design, wall thicknesses of around 45– 60 cm facilitate compliance with energy-saving. The light concrete not only results in saving the dead weight of the structure but has better insulation against heat and sound. Posts are secured in the ground with 18'' of concrete footing. Although lightweight concrete costs more to produce, it offers numerous benefits to. These low maintenance fence posts remove the need for nails, brackets and fixings. 7. This bag of mix is enough to cover a 3/4 cu. The two slots either side of the post make securing fence panels effortless. This lightweight concrete post is a low maintenance alternative to timber posts and removes the need for for nails, brackets or fixings. Light-Duty Fence Post is a powder-coated steel post designed for lighter duty applications. 8' x 4" x 3" Forest Concrete Fence Post. 6mm (down) for used dense concrete and -1. Pour the concrete: Pour the concrete mix into the form, ensuring that it fills all corners and spaces evenly. The abutments, in normal concrete, act as counter-weights to the cantilevered section, which is a lightweight concrete post-tensioned box of variable depth, constructed in segments by cantilevering out from the abutments. The use of post-consumer waste in concrete allows for a reduction in the consumption of natural aggregate (the addition of 2. Either lightweight or normal weight aggregates may be used. C. Our precast fences, panels, and posts are. Properties of lightweight concrete: – This cement is lighter because of ‘ fly ash ‘ as aggregate. 8000 psi. Lightweight aggregate concrete can be used in a variety of applications, including: Precast Concrete Products: Lightweight aggregate concrete is often used in precast concrete products, such as building blocks, pavers, and roofing tiles. Sika Polyurethane Fence Post Mix (Actual Net Contents: 33-fl oz). e. This finish is achieved by using fine aggregate in. Weight of the sample: 2. 9. Expanded Clay, Shale, or Slate: These materials are lightweight and have excellent. Figure-2: Slump Test of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. This mix comes in strong poly-lined bags to enable easy transportation. 167. Fenn-Lite™ offers a lighter alternative to standard weight slotted posts. Adding portland cement to pail. Advantages of Lightweight Concrete: It helps easy removal, transport, and erection of precast products due to a reduction in the weight of concrete. Add to trolley. The material studied in the following is a structural lightweight concrete with an ultra-high-performance matrix and expanded glass as a lightweight. Sonotubes are a great tool to have on the job site, especially when it comes time to pour concrete into a column. Use a trowel. 36m will provide the finest level of support to your fence panels. Some installations don't require digging or concrete — simply stake the post into the ground. Lightweight Fence Post Mix to set below-grade fence posts. 8. I’ll add the glass fibre and mix that in. The two slots either side make securing the fence panels easy work. 6m Post:Lightweight concrete provisions throughout the code have seen numerous changes and clarifications based on the new method for determining λ. Lightweight concrete can be specified using the notation LC for the strength class, e. analyzed a concrete with pumice. 5. Because it weighs less than traditional concrete, it can be used in situations where weight is a concern. Pavement structure comparison 4 Figure 1. The use of lightweight concrete in the rooms where air conditioning is to be installed during the building’s construction would result in good thermal comfort and decreased power usage. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80% air, according to the PCA. Vs. In this experimental study, six post-tensioned light weight concrete (LWC) continuous one-way slabs were tested in the following manner: the flexural behaviors of the members. Gone are the days of taking multiple trips to the store-and breaking your back-to build a freestanding deck. Concrete Posts. - Accepts 1½" - 2" Joists & Bearers. Model # 097089. thick slabs supported on 18 in. The Lightweight Concrete Post is a low maintenance alternative to timber, eliminating the need for nails, brackets and fixings. We suggest using a wheelbarrow, as it will be much easier to transport the concrete to the desired location. 7000+ psi. The base is made from a 2 by 10 and acts as the bottom of the form and the support for the 1 by 4 walls. (plus rebar and concrete). This concrete can also be used to build underground trenches. Light weight concrete blocks are nowadays modern types of concrete blocks with the reduction . No concrete to mix and pour. Two 6×6 Posts in Concrete with Rapid Demount Cam Cleats. Lightweight concrete has a history of more than two-thousand years and its technical development is still proceeding. Select collection branch for local availability. Pro-Set fence post foam takes the hard work out of setting fence posts. post-tensioned continuous lightweight concrete slabs. Our lightweight, easy-to-handle system combines all wall components: continuous thermal insulation, air and moisture barrier, and installer-friendly, adjustable sub-framing system – under a single system warranty. 5% of waste material saves natural aggregate approximately 20 kg/m3. Typically, properties of lightweight concrete have been compared with those ofIf the density of concrete is less than 2200 kg/m 3, it is considered lightweight concrete. com Expanding Foam vs. com. £72. Crushing equipment was an electric claw crusher accepting a 76 mm (3′′) MAS. Step 1: Materials + Tools. The results suggest that the concrete mix containing the manufactured plastic aggregate at a replacement level of 25% can be used in structural. In your case, control joints are needed at intervals of 3' to 4'-6" oc. Alternatively, in some factory settings, concrete is mixed into dryer forms to manufacture precast concrete products such as concrete walls. 🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Ultra-lightweight concrete, which is also known as super lightweight concrete or infra-lightweight concrete, is a state-of-the-art concrete in terms of density and insulation properties and classifies as concrete with a dry density lesser than 800 Kg/m 3. However, when evalu - ating the cost of using lightweight concrete for a project, long-term costs related to durability and service life should be considered, as well as initial costs. Without using any heavy machinery, two individuals can easily erect a 6′ tall concrete fence thanks to the lightweight panels. Our self-levelling systems are suitable for a one day re-cap of a worn out slab and for. TuffBlock removes the need for digging holes and pouring concrete, making it the easiest and most versatile foundation system on the market. 75 for "all-lightweight" concrete and 0. The primary advantage of lightweight concrete is its reduced weight. Yo ung ’s modulus). FP McCann Slotted Corner Post 2440mm Grey. vat.